Python Forum

String literals can be enclosed in either two single or two double quotes. The reason for this is so you can use one type inside the other to print out the inner quote. Even though you could use an escape sequence to do the same, this option is still available. 

>>>"that's"
"that's"
>>>'that"s'
'that"s'

concatenate = the act of putting two objects end to end
You can concatenate adjacent string literals. You can put a "+" between them, or wrap them in parenthesis allowing to span multiple lines. 

>>> s = "hello" 'there' "what"
>>> s
'hellotherewhat'

A multiline text data that can be of as many lines as you need. It can be either double quotes """ """ or single quotes ''' '''. Single or double quotes inside the triple quote do not have to be escaped, but can be. It is useful for error messages. HTML code as strings, documentation, disable partial code temporarily. 

>>> triple = '''This is
... some gibberish that
... I have came up with.'''
>>> triple
'This is\nsome gibberish that\nI have came up with.'

Back slashes are used to allow special byte codes: Escape Sequences.The backslash "\" and the following character(s) are replaced by a single character which has a binary value specified by the character(s). 

>>> s = '1\n2\t3\n\\'
>>> s
'1\n2\t3\n\\'
>>> print(s)
1
2	3
\
>>> len(s)
7

This string gives this result because of the escape sequences in it. The 2 is on a newline because of \n, the 3 is tabbed because of the \t, and the backslash also on a newline and is shown because we escaped the backslash itself with \\. The built-in function len() returns the length of the string which is showing 7 and not 11 because escape sequences are one character and thus is showing 7 bytes. 

An r preceding the string will make it a raw string. This will ignore the escape sequences inside the string. Otherwise the code below would have a \n and a \t in it. 

filer = open(r'C:\new\text.txt','w')

One of the most used features of Python is indexing and slicing. These are the acts of accessing the characters in the string by position, assuming you are doing it to a string. This can also be done to any sequence such as a list. 

>>> s = 'index'
>>> s
'index'
>>> s[0]
'i'
>>> s[-1]
'x'

The first index s[0] gets the item at offset 0 from the left, while s[-1] gets the item from offset 1 from the end.

Slicing returns an entire section instead of one single item. 

>>> s = 'slice'
>>> s
'slice'
>>> s[1:]
'lice'
>>> s[1:3]
'li'
>>> s[:-1]
'slic'
>>> s[::-1]
'ecils'

You could think of it like this: s[START:END]. Give me the string omitting before and up to, not including START index ... and omit END and after it. If no START, then give me all the way from beginning, if no END give me all the way to the end. Slicing will get easier the more you use it. 

Not as if you are already confused, but there is also a third index in the slice s[START:END:STEP]. This STEP index will allow you to get the sliced string by skipping STEP. For example, a step of 2 will give you every other index based on your values of START and END. 

>>> s = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
>>> s
'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
>>> s[2:20:2]
'cegikmoqs'

This slice is saying we want index 2 through 19 at intervals of 2.

In the same token we can use this to reverse the order of the string. 

>>> s = '123456789'
>>> s
'123456789'
>>> s[::-1]
'987654321'

Slicing with no numbers will also give a shallow copy of the object.

s[:]

will be a shallow copy of

s

Shallow meaning if it is a list of lists copied, then it will not copy the deep nested lists. However if you know there are no nested objects inside, then it is a simple effective method of copying the object.

>>> '1' + 1
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: Can't convert 'int' object to str implicitly

Were you expecting 2? Were you expecting '2'? Were you expecting '11'? Python doesn't know which one you want...a string...or an integer. To bypass, you need to either convert the '1' to an int 1, or convert the int 1 to a string '1'. Converting both to strings, however will get you the string '11' Converting both to integers will get you 2. The built in functions str() will convert to a string and the int() will convert to an integer. 

>>> int('1') + 1
2
>>> str(1) + '1'
'11'

The built in function repr() will convert to as-code string. 

>>> print((str('stringer'), repr('stringer')))
('stringer', "'stringer'")

Every character on a computer has an ASCII integer code. The built in functions ord() will convert the single character to its ASCII integer, while chr() will do the opposite and convert the ASCII integer to it's single character. 

>>> ord('a')
97
>>> chr(97)
'a'

So If you want to progress to the next character via ASCII... 

>>> a = 'a'
>>> num = ord(a) + 1
>>> chr(num)
'b'

Because strings are an immutable sequence we cannot change the index of a string by reassigning a new index, like so: 

>>> s = 'stringer'
>>> s[0] = 'S'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

To do this we can use a slice to change and reassign it back to the same variable. 

>>> s = 'stringer'
>>> s = 'S' + s[1:]
>>> s
'Stringer'

As it sounds like, the string replace method will replace one character or a set of characters with another. 

>>> s = 'light'
>>> s.replace('l','f')
'fight'
>>> s.replace('l','br')
'bright'
>>> s
'light'
>>> s = s.replace('li','bou')
'bought'

 The above code shows how to replace a character or many characters. However the replace method does not change the original variable until it is reassigned back to the variable.

There are at times when you would want to replace x amount of the next encounters, not all. 

>>> s = 'XXyyXXyyxxYYxxYY'
>>> s
'XXyyXXyyxxYYxxYY'
>>> s.replace('xx','oo')
'XXyyXXyyooYYooYY'
>>> s
'XXyyXXyyxxYYxxYY'
>>> s.replace('xx','oo', 1)
'XXyyXXyyooYYxxYY'
>>> s.replace('x','o', 3)
'XXyyXXyyooYYoxYY'

The string method find(), will return the index of what is searched for. So the character 'd' is index 7 of the string.

>>> s = 'somerandomstring'
>>> indexer = s.find('d')
>>> indexer
7
>>> s[:indexer]
'someran'
>>> s[indexer:]
'domstring'

 

If however what is searched for is not found. -1 is returned.

>>> s.find('X')
-1

So if you try to use it in a slice without testing if it failed or not, you will be essentially inserting -1 in place of where the str.find() method goes. 

>>> s[:s.find('X')]
'somerandomstrin'

All of these methods effect the outcome of the capitalization of words inside of a string. The method capitalize() will capitalize the first character of the first word. The method title() will capitalize every first character of every word in the string. The method lower() will make all characters lowercase in the string. The method upper() will make all characters uppercase in the string. The method swapcase() will swap uppercase characters for lowercase characters and vice versa in the string. 

>>> s = 'the great beyond of the stars'
>>> s.capitalize()
'The great beyond of the stars'
>>> s.title()
'The Great Beyond Of The Stars'
>>> s2 = s.title()
>>> s2
'The Great Beyond Of The Stars'
>>> s2.swapcase()
'tHE gREAT bEYOND oF tHE sTARS'
>>> s.upper()
'THE GREAT BEYOND OF THE STARS'

The method split() will chop the string into substrings into a list. 

>>> s = 'Another random string created.'
>>> s
'Another random string created.'
>>> s.split()
['Another', 'random', 'string', 'created.']

At which point you can splice and index the list. 

>>> s.split()[0]
'Another'
>>> s.split()[1:]
['random', 'string', 'created.']
>>> s.split('random')
['Another ', ' string created.']

You can also split by specific characters, which be default is whitepace. Here we split the string by commas instead. 

>>> s = 'one,word,123'
>>> s.split()
['one,word,123']
>>> s.split(',')
['one', 'word', '123']

The method join() will join, for example, a list of all the indexes together into a string based on what you join them with.

>>> s = ['Another', 'random', 'string', 'created.']
>>> s
['Another', 'random', 'string', 'created.']
>>> ''.join(s)
'Anotherrandomstringcreated.'
>>> ' '.join(s)
'Another random string created.'
>>> 'XX'.join(s)
'AnotherXXrandomXXstringXXcreated.'

There are numerous string methods available. Check >>>help(str) to view them in the python interpreter. There is also a very common str method that I gave its own section for due to it's complexity: the str.format(). This section can be found in string expressions and formatting.