first function

[deanhystad]

int(arg) raises a ValueError if the string cannot be interpreted as an integer. The arg is the correct type for this operation (it is a str), but the Value of the string is wrong.

arg = "Hi mom!"
number = int(arg)

Error:
ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'Hi mom!'

A TypeError is raised when you pass an argument that is incompatible with the operation being performed.

arg = [1, 2, 3]
number = int(arg)

Error:
    number = int(arg)
TypeError: int() argument must be a string, a bytes-like object or a real number, not 'list'

Here args cannot be converted to an int because str() doesn't know how to convert a list into an int. The Type of arg is wrong.