PyBreakout

[TerryRitchie]

A simple little breakout program I wrote using PyGame.

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############################################################################################################# #  ________  ___    ___ ________  ________  _______   ________  ___  __    ________  ___  ___  __________   # # |\   __  \|\  \  /  /|\   __  \|\   __  \|\  ___ \ |\   __  \|\  \|\  \ |\   __  \|\  \|\  \|\___   ___\  # # \ \  \|\  \ \  \/  / | \  \|\ /\ \  \|\  \ \   __/|\ \  \|\  \ \  \/  /|\ \  \|\  \ \  \\\  \|___ \  \_|  # #  \ \   ____\ \    / / \ \   __  \ \   _  _\ \  \_|/_\ \   __  \ \   ___  \ \  \\\  \ \  \\\  \   \ \  \   # #   \ \  \___|\/  /  /   \ \  \|\  \ \  \\  \\ \  \_|\ \ \  \ \  \ \  \\ \  \ \  \\\  \ \  \\\  \   \ \  \  # #    \ \__\ __/  / /      \ \_______\ \__\\ _\\ \_______\ \__\ \__\ \__\\ \__\ \_______\ \_______\   \ \__\ # #     \|__||\___/ /        \|_______|\|__|\|__|\|_______|\|__|\|__|\|__| \|__|\|_______|\|_______|    \|__| # #          \|___|/                                                                                          # #                                                                                                   v1.0    # #############################################################################################################   # PyBreakout 1.0 # Terry Ritchie # 04/24/17   # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # - IMPORT LIBRARIES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------   import pygame                   # pygame graphics engine import random                   # random number library import os                       # operating system library import winsound                 # windows sound library import sys                      # system functions from pygame.locals import *     # pygame constants   # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # - DEFINE CONSTANTS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------   FPS       = 240                 # frames per second of game play BLACK     = (  0,   0,   0)     # define bright colors BLUE      = (  0,   0, 255) GREEN     = (  0, 255,   0) CYAN      = (  0, 255, 255) RED       = (255,   0,   0) PURPLE    = (255,   0, 255) YELLOW    = (255, 255,   0) WHITE     = (255, 255, 255) DBLUE     = (  0,   0, 127)     # define dark colors DGREEN    = (  0, 127,   0) DCYAN     = (  0, 127, 127) DRED      = (127,   0,   0) DPURPLE   = (127,   0, 127) DYELLOW   = (127, 127,   0) GRAY      = (127, 127, 127) SILVER    = (191, 191, 191) COLOR     = (BLUE, GREEN, CYAN, RED, PURPLE, YELLOW, DBLUE, DGREEN, DCYAN, DRED, DPURPLE, DYELLOW) STARS     = 100                 # number of stars in starfield STARX     = 0                   # star x index within star list STARY     = 1                   # star y index within star list STARSPEED = 2                   # star speed index within star list STARCOLOR = 3                   # star color index within star list STARCLDIR = 4                   # star color direction index within star list INPLAY    = 4                   # brick in play index within brick list BRICKHIT  = 5                   # number of times brick hit index within brick list   # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # - DEFINE VARIABLES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------   brick = []                      # master brick list star = []                       # master star list saying = []                     # rendered font surface images of each level text scoretext = []                  # custom number font launch = False                  # ball has been launched newgame = False                 # new game in progress levelshown = False              # has level saying been shown extra = False                   # extra paddle awarded spacebar = 0                    # rendered font surface image p1txt = 0                       # rendered font surface image hitxt = 0                       # rendered font surface image welcome = 0                     # rendered font surface image screen = 0                      # window surface px = 0                          # player paddle x coordinate py = 516                        # player paddle y coordinate prect = 0                       # paddle collision rectangle paddles = 3                     # number of player paddles bx = 0.0                        # ball x coordinate by = 0.0                        # ball y coordinate brect = 0                       # ball collision rectangle bxdir = 0.0                     # ball x direction   bydir = 0.0                     # ball y direction bspeed = 0.0                    # ball speed maxbspeed = 0.0                 # ball maximum speed minxspeed = 0.0                 # ball minimum horizontal speed bspeedinc = 0.0                 # ball speed increment trajectory = 0.0                # ball trajectory when hit paddle score = 0                       # player score hiscore = 0                     # high score level = 0                       # current level of play bhit = 0                        # number of times brick must be hit bricks = 0                      # total number of bricks clock = 0                       # FPS timer countdown = 0                   # count down timer frame = 0                       # frame counter   # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # - DEFINE FUNCTIONS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------   # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- def Setup(): # creates the assets needed to play the game                                             Setup() # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------       global screen, clock, star, brick, spacebar, p1txt, hitxt, saying, welcome       os.environ["SDL_VIDEO_CENTERED"] = "1"                          # center the surface on desktop     pygame.init()                                                   # start pygame engine     screen = pygame.display.set_mode((768, 576))                    # create the surface window     pygame.display.set_caption("PyBreakout!")                       # give window a caption     pygame.mouse.set_visible(False)                                 # hide mouse pointer     clock = pygame.time.Clock()                                     # start clock routines     font = pygame.font.SysFont("Calibri", 40, True, False)          # create font and rendered surfaces     spacebar = font.render("PRESS SPACEBAR TO LAUNCH", True, WHITE)     p1txt = font.render("PLAYER 1", True, YELLOW)     hitxt = font.render("HIGH", True, YELLOW)     welcome = font.render("WELCOME TO PYBREAKOUT!", True, WHITE)     saying.append(font.render("Try Again", True, CYAN))     saying.append(font.render("Level 1 - Easy Peasy", True, CYAN))     saying.append(font.render("Level 2 - Here We Go!", True, CYAN))     saying.append(font.render("Level 3 - Twice As Fun", True, CYAN))     saying.append(font.render("Level 4 - Even Faster", True, CYAN))     saying.append(font.render("Level 5 - Outstanding!", True, CYAN))     saying.append(font.render("Level 6 - Double Whammy", True, CYAN))     saying.append(font.render("Level 7 - Super Human", True, CYAN))     saying.append(font.render("Level 8 - Unstoppable!", True, CYAN))     saying.append(font.render("Level 9 - Here Be Dragons", True, CYAN))     saying.append(font.render("Breakout Master!", True, CYAN))     scoretext.append(["0000 00 00 0000"])                           # create custom number strings list     scoretext.append(["  1  1  1  1  1"])     scoretext.append(["222  22222  222"])     scoretext.append(["333  3333  3333"])     scoretext.append(["4 44 4444  4  4"])     scoretext.append(["5555  555  5555"])     scoretext.append(["6666  6666 6666"])     scoretext.append(["777  7  7  7  7"])     scoretext.append(["8888 88888 8888"])     scoretext.append(["9999 9999  9999"])     for i in range(STARS):                                          # create starfield         sx = random.randrange(0, 767)         sy = random.randrange(0, 575)         cd = 0         while not(cd):             cd = random.randrange(-1, 2)         ss = 0         while ss < .25:             ss = random.random()         star.append([sx, sy, ss, random.randrange(1, 255), cd])     for i in range(6):                                              # create bricks         b = []         for j in range(16):             b.append([j * 48 + 1, 96 + (i * 24) + 1, 47, 23, True, 0])         brick.append(b)   # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- def Draw_Digit(dx, dy, d, c, s): # draw a large digit to the screen                              Draw_Digit() # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------       # dx = digit top left x coordinate     # dy = digit top left y coordinate     # d  = digit (0 - 9)     # c  = digit color     # s  = size of digit squares       # The large digits are drawn as follows:     #     #              x     #          ---------     #          0   1   2     #        +---+---+---+      +---+---+---+   If there is a character (non-space) in the text a     #    | 0 | * | * | * |      | * | * | * |   square is drawn in that position. As the nested for     #    |   +---+---+---+      +---+---+---+   statements progress a number is drawn from the text     #    | 1 | * |   | * |      |   |   | * |   that describes where a square should be placed in     #    |   +---+---+---+      +---+---+---+   each row.     #  y | 2 | * |   | * |      | * | * | * |     #    |   +---+---+---+      +---+---+---+     #    | 3 | * |   | * |      |   |   | * |     #    |   +---+---+---+      +---+---+---+     #    | 4 | * | * | * |      | * | * | * |     #    |   +---+---+---+      +---+---+---+     #     #      "0000 00 00 0000"  "333  3333  3333"     #       |||---|||---|||    |||---|||---|||     # Row->  0  1  2  3  4      0  1  2  3  4       p = -1                                                          # current position in text string     for y in range(5):         for x in range(3):             p += 1                                                  # increment text position             if scoretext[d][0][p] != " ":                           # if character in position draw square                 pygame.draw.rect(screen, c, [dx + x * s, dy + y * s, s, s], 0)     # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- def New_Game(): # starts a new game of pybreakout                                                  New_Game() # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------       global level, launch, newgame, levelshown, score, paddles, extra       launch = False                                                  # reset booleans     newgame = True     levelshown = False     while newgame:                                                  # loop while in new game mode         Play_Round()     score = 0                                                       # reset player score     level = 0                                                       # reset level of play     paddles = 3                                                     # reset number of player paddles     extra = False                                                   # reset extra paddle   # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- def Next_Level(): # sets up the next level of the game                                           Next_Level() # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------       global level, bspeed, bxdir, bydir, brick, bhit, maxbspeed, bspeedinc, bricks     global launch, trajectory, levelshown, countdown, minxspeed, frame       level += 1                                                      # increment level of play     bspeed = 1                                                      # reset ball characteristics     bxdir = .5     bydir = -1     if not(level % 3):                                              # bricks hit twice every third level         bhit = 2     else:         bhit = 1     for i in range(6):                                              # reset brick characteristics         for j in range(16):             brick[i][j][INPLAY] = True             brick[i][j][BRICKHIT] = 0     bricks = 96     maxbspeed = 2 + (level / 8)                                     # calculate maximum ball speed     if maxbspeed > 4:         maxbspeed = 4     minxspeed = maxbspeed / 4 * (1 + (maxbspeed / 4))               # calculate minimum ball horizontal speed     bspeedinc = level / 96                                          # calculate ball speed increments     trajectory = (100 / (level * 100)) * 200                        # calculate level trajectory     launch = True                                                   # reset booleans     levelshown = False     countdown = 9                                                   # reset countdown     frame = 0   # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- def Draw_Frame(): # draws a frame of the game                                                    Draw_Frame() # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------       global countdown, frame, launch       screen.fill(BLACK)     Draw_Stars()                                                    # draw starfield     Draw_Bricks()                                                   # draw bricks     pygame.draw.circle(screen, RED, [px - 40, 526], 10, 0)          # draw paddle     pygame.draw.circle(screen, RED, [px + 40, 526], 10, 0)     pygame.draw.rect(screen, WHITE, [px - 40, 516, 80 , 20], 0)     for i in range(paddles):                                        # draw paddles remaining         x = (i + 1) * 60         pygame.draw.circle(screen, RED, [x - 20, 560], 5, 0)         pygame.draw.circle(screen, RED, [x + 20, 560], 5, 0)         pygame.draw.rect(screen, WHITE, [x - 19, 555, 38, 10], 0)     screen.blit(hitxt, [525, 0])                                    # display text     screen.blit(p1txt, [155, 0])     scoretxt = ((6 - len(str(score))) * "0") + str(score)           # format scores     hiscoretxt = ((6 - len(str(hiscore))) * "0") + str(hiscore)     for i in range(6):                                              # draw scores         Draw_Digit(326 + (i * 20), 5, int(scoretxt[i]), WHITE, 5)         Draw_Digit(628 + (i * 20), 5, int(hiscoretxt[i]), WHITE, 5)     leveltxt = ((2 - len(str(level))) * "0") + str(level)     for i in range(2):         Draw_Digit(740 + (i * 8), 555, int(leveltxt[i]), WHITE, 2)     if launch:                                                      # display level text         lev = 0         if not(levelshown):             lev = level             if lev > 10:                 lev = 10         if paddles > 0:             screen.blit(saying[lev], [(768 - pygame.Surface.get_width(saying[lev])) // 2, 265])             screen.blit(spacebar, [140, 400])             if countdown > 6:                                       # display count down timer                 clr = GREEN             elif countdown > 3:                 clr = YELLOW             else:                 clr = RED             Draw_Digit(369, 325, countdown, clr, 10)             frame += 1             if frame == FPS:                 frame = 0                 countdown -= 1                 winsound.Beep(2200, 5)                 if countdown == 0:                     launch = False     if newgame:         screen.blit(welcome, [145,300])     else:         pygame.draw.circle(screen, CYAN, [int(bx), int(by)], 7, 0)  # draw ball     pygame.display.flip()   # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- def Draw_Stars(): # draws the moving starfield                                                   Draw_Stars() # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------       global star       for i in range(STARS):                                          # cycle through all stars         star[i][STARY] += star[i][STARSPEED]                        # update speed         star[i][STARCOLOR] += star[i][STARCLDIR]                    # update color         if star[i][STARCOLOR] == 0 or star[i][STARCOLOR] == 255:    # keep color in limits             star[i][STARCLDIR] *= -1         if star[i][STARY] >= 767:                                   # star went off bottom of screen             star[i][STARY] = random.randrange(-30, -10)             star[i][STARX] = random.randrange(0, 768)         c = star[i][STARCOLOR]         pygame.draw.circle(screen, [c, c, c], [star[i][STARX], int(star[i][STARY])], 0, 0)           # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- def Draw_Bricks(): # check for ball/brick collisions while bricks being drawn                   Draw_Bricks() # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------       global bxdir, bydir, score, hiscore, bspeed, bricks, brick, extra, paddles       alreadyhit = False     for i in range(6):                                              # cycle through all bricks         for j in range(16):             if brick[i][j][INPLAY]:                                 # draw brick if in play                 brick_rect = pygame.Rect(brick[i][j][0:4])                 pygame.draw.rect(screen, COLOR[i + brick[i][j][BRICKHIT] * 6], brick_rect, 0)                 if not(newgame):                     if brect.colliderect(brick_rect) and not(alreadyhit): # first brick hit?                         brick[i][j][BRICKHIT] += 1                  # update brick hits                         if brick[i][j][BRICKHIT] == bhit:           # max number of hits?                             brick[i][j][INPLAY] = False             # brick out of play                             bricks -= 1                             score += (6 - i) * 10                             winsound.Beep((6 - i) * 200, 10)                         else:                                       # brick still in play                             score += (6 - i) * 5                                     winsound.Beep(2200, 10)                         if score >= 10000 and not(extra):           # award extra ship                             paddles += 1                             extra = True                             for i in range(5):                                 winsound.Beep((i + 1) * 1000, 5)                         alreadyhit = True                           # no more collision checks this loop                         bspeed += bspeedinc                         # increase ball speed                         if bspeed > maxbspeed:                      # keep ball speed in limits                             bspeed = maxbspeed                         if score > hiscore:                         # update high score                             hiscore = score                         if sgn(bxdir) == 1:                         # ball traveling right                             bdx = int(brick_rect[0] - bx)           # ball distance from left side of brick                         else:                                       # ball traveling left                             bdx = int(bx - brick_rect[0]) - 46      # ball distance from right side of brick                         if sgn(bydir) == 1:                         # ball traveling down                             bdy = int(brick_rect[1] - by)           # ball distance from top of brick                         else:                                       # ball traveling up                             bdy = int(by - brick_rect[1]) - 22      # ball distance from bottom of brick                         if bdx == bdy:                              # hit corner of brick                             bxdir = -bxdir                             bydir = -bydir                         elif bdx > bdy:                             # hit left/right side of brick                             bxdir = -bxdir                         else:                                       # hit top/bottom of brick                             bydir = -bydir   # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- def Get_Input(): # gets user input and processes                                                  Get_Input() # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------       global px, launch, levelshown, newgame       pygame.event.pump()                                             # update keyboard buffer     key = pygame.key.get_pressed()                                  # get all keys pressed     if key[K_SPACE] and launch:                                     # launch ball with space bar?         launch = False         levelshown = True     for event in pygame.event.get():                                # cycle through events         if event.type == QUIT or key[K_ESCAPE]:                     # leave game if closed or ESC pressed             pygame.quit()             sys.exit()         elif (event.type == KEYUP or event.type == MOUSEBUTTONUP) and newgame:  # start a new game?             newgame = False             launch = True         elif event.type == MOUSEBUTTONUP and launch:                # launch ball with mouse button?             launch = False             levelshown = True         elif event.type == MOUSEMOTION:                             # mouse moved?             px = event.pos[0]                                       # set player paddle x to mouse x             if px < 50:                                             # keep paddle on screen                 px = 50             elif px > 718:                 px = 718             pygame.mouse.set_pos(px, py)                            # bind mouse to paddle   # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- def Play_Round(): # plays a round of pybreakout                                                  Play_Round() # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------       global bx, by, bxdir, bydir, px, brect, launch, paddles, bspeed, countdown       Get_Input()                                                     # get user input and process     if launch or newgame:                                           # keep ball on paddle         bx = px         by = 511     else:                                                           # update ball position         bx += bxdir         by += bydir * bspeed         if bx <= 7:                                                 # hit left side of screen?             bx = 7             bxdir = -bxdir         elif bx >= 760:                                             # hit right side of screen?             bx = 760             bxdir = -bxdir         if by <= 7:                                                 # hit top of screen?             bydir = -bydir         elif by >= 568:                                             # player missed ball?             paddles -= 1             launch = True             bspeed = 1             bxdir = .5             bydir = -1             countdown = 9     brect = pygame.Rect(bx - 5, by - 5, 10, 10)                     # create ball rectangle object     prect = pygame.Rect(px - 50, 516, 100, 1)                       # create paddle rectangle object     if brect.colliderect(prect):                                    # did the objects collide?         bydir = -bydir         by = 511         bxdir += (bx - px) / trajectory                             # add some trajectory         if abs(bxdir) > maxbspeed:                                  # keep horizontal ball speed in limits             bxdir = sgn(bxdir) * maxbspeed         elif abs(bxdir) < minxspeed:             bxdir = sgn(bxdir) * minxspeed         winsound.Beep(440, 10)     Draw_Frame()                                                    # draw the next frame of game     clock.tick(FPS)                                                 # limit FPS   # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- def sgn(n): # returns the sign of a number (-1, 0, or 1)                                                sgn() # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------       # n = any numeric value           if n > 0:                                                       # positive         return 1     elif n < 0:                                                     # negative         return -1     else:                                                           # must be zero         return 0   # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # - MAIN PROGRAM LOOP --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------   Setup()                                                             # generate game assets while True:                                                         # main loop     New_Game()                                                      # initiate a new game     while paddles > 0:                                              # loop until player loses all paddles         Next_Level()                                                # set up next level of play         while paddles > 0 and bricks:                               # loop until no paddles or bricks cleared             Play_Round()                                            # play the round

[RandoomDude]

This games works.
Excellent work.
I   it.
Good Skills

[TerryRitchie]

Thank you :)

[Mekire]

1	global very, good, job

But, in all seriousness, it is great that you are making some working complete programs but there are a lot of things you need to change if you are going to write more complex code.

My guess is you learned pygame from the Invent book (correct me if I'm wrong).
Your main issue is use of globals.  You should consider the global keyword completely off limits until you become more experienced.  The one use case for it where it is acceptable is for declaring a global CONSTANT inside a function.  I do this in pygame for instance when I want to load a graphic that I want to be available globally but can't be loaded until pygame and the display is set up.  Rather than having all this setup code in the global namespace I do it in a function but declare the resource loads global.

But, and this is the important part, they are constants.  After they are created they are never changed.

Also more trivial, but none of those color definitions (or at least the vast majority) are necessary.  Nearly every color you could need (all the ones defined with names in html) are predefined for you so instead of writing (255, 0, 0) you just write pg.Color("red") and achieve much more readable code.

Here is a template for a very simple pygame game:  
https://gist.github.com/Mekire/f67d83087...0fb2939796  
Even the simplest pygame programs should really adhere to that.

With the complexity you will soon be approaching though you are going to need to look into some form of scene manager.
Here is my scene manager template:  
https://github.com/Mekire/pygame-mutisce...with-movie
And for a slightly softer intro to the concept, check here:  
https://www.reddit.com/r/pygame/comments...e_example/

Also for a number of basic pygame examples written in a sane style check here:
https://github.com/Mekire/pygame-samples

[TerryRitchie]

Thank you very much for all of the constructive help you have provided. Yes, Invent was one of the resources I have used to learn Python as you have pointed out. My main problem is that I started coding in 1980 using the many different dialects of BASIC offered on the many different systems of the time (TRS-80, TI99/4A, Commodore, etc..) I eventually moved into Pascal, then QuickBASIC, VBDOS/VBWin, and the like. I realize I have many old-school habits that I need to get rid of when using Python. OOP was never something I delved into but I realize with Python this is going to be required.

I really appreciate the examples and templates you have provided me. I want to learn the Python way and helpful posts such as yours will help me get there.

Thank you :)

[RandoomDude]

Thank you :)

No.Thank you.