How can flask find the controller?

[3lnyn0]

Hello! How do I call a function from the controller in routes.py?
In app_ctrl.py I have function 'get_user' and I want to call it in routes.py(in 'def registration'), it display me 'NameError: name 'app_ctrl' is not defined'.
Please help me!

routes.py

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from datetime import datetime from application import app from flask import jsonify, redirect, render_template, request, url_for from application.forms import RegisterForm from application.Controller.app_ctrl import AppController from application.Controller.currencies_ctrl import CurrenciesController from application.Controller.users import UsersController from application.Controller.users_accounts import UsersAccountsController from application.Controller.users_cards import UsersCardsController from application.Controller.users_credentials import UsersCredentialsController from application.Controller.users_deposits_ctrl import UsersDepositsController from application.Controller.users_transactions import UsersTransactionsController from application.Model.Repository.currencies import DBCurrenciesRepository from application.Model.Repository.users import DBUsersRepository from application.Model.Repository.users_accounts import DBUsersAccountsRepository from application.Model.Repository.users_cards import DBUsersCardsRepository from application.Model.Repository.users_credentials import DBUsersCredentialsRepository from application.Model.Repository.users_deposits import DBUsersDepositsRepository from application.Model.Repository.users_transactions import DBUsersTransactionsRepository    @app.route('/api/v1/register', methods=['POST', 'GET']) def register():     form = RegisterForm()     if form.validate_on_submit():         user_id = form.user_id.data         verify_user_id = app_ctrl.get_user(user_id)         print(user_id)         if verify_user_id:             return jsonify(message='That user id already exists'), 404 #409         else:             first_name = form.first_name.data             last_name = form.last_name.data             email = form.email.data             address = form.address.data             phone_number = form.phone_number.data             date_of_birth = form.date_of_birth.data             join_date = datetime.now()                username = form.username.data             verify_username = app_ctrl.get_username(username)             print(verify_username)             if verify_username:                 return jsonify(message='That user id already exists'), 404             else:                 password = form.password.data            app_ctrl.register_user(user_id, first_name, last_name, email, address, phone_number, date_of_birth, join_date, username, password)         return redirect(url_for('index'))     return render_template('register.html', title='register', form=form)    if __name__ == '__main__':     users_rep = DBUsersRepository()     users_account_repo = DBUsersAccountsRepository()     users_transactions_repo = DBUsersTransactionsRepository()     currencies_repo = DBCurrenciesRepository()     users_deposits_repo = DBUsersDepositsRepository()     users_cards_repo = DBUsersCardsRepository()     users_credentials_repo = DBUsersCredentialsRepository()        users_ctrl = UsersController(users_rep)     users_account_ctrl = UsersAccountsController(users_account_repo)     users_transactions_ctrl = UsersTransactionsController(users_transactions_repo)     currencies_ctrl = CurrenciesController(currencies_repo)     users_deposits_ctrl = UsersDepositsController(users_deposits_repo)     users_cards_ctrl = UsersCardsController(users_cards_repo)     users_credentials_ctrl = UsersCredentialsController(users_credentials_repo)        app_ctrl = AppController(users_ctrl, users_account_ctrl, users_transactions_ctrl,currencies_ctrl, users_deposits_ctrl, users_cards_ctrl, users_credentials_ctrl)

app_ctrl.py

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from application.Controller.currencies_ctrl import CurrenciesController from application.Controller.users import UsersController from application.Controller.users_accounts import UsersAccountsController from application.Controller.users_cards import UsersCardsController from application.Controller.users_credentials import UsersCredentialsController from application.Controller.users_deposits_ctrl import UsersDepositsController from application.Controller.users_transactions import UsersTransactionsController from application.Model.Repository.currencies import DBCurrenciesRepository from application.Model.Repository.users import DBUsersRepository from application.Model.Repository.users_accounts import DBUsersAccountsRepository from application.Model.Repository.users_cards import DBUsersCardsRepository from application.Model.Repository.users_credentials import DBUsersCredentialsRepository from application.Model.Repository.users_deposits import DBUsersDepositsRepository from application.Model.Repository.users_transactions import DBUsersTransactionsRepository   def register_user(self, user_id, first_name, last_name, email, address, phone_number, date_of_birth, join_date, username, password):     self.users_ctrl.create_user(user_id, first_name, last_name, email, address, phone_number, date_of_birth, join_date)     self.users_credentials_ctrl(username, password)   def get_username(self, username):     return self.user_credentials_ctrl.get_username(username)   def get_user(self, user_id):     return users_ctrl.get_user(user_id)         # def exchange(self, user_id, amount, from_currency, to_currency): # Check balance in from_currency # if self. # Remove from user balance(from_currency) # Get latest exchange rate from ExchangeRates table and apply it to the amount # Add to user balance(to_currency) if name == ‘main’: users_repo = DBUsersRepository() users_account_repo = DBUsersAccountsRepository() users_transactions_repo = DBUsersTransactionsRepository() currencies_repo = DBCurrenciesRepository() users_deposits_repo = DBUsersDepositsRepository() users_cards_repo = DBUsersCardsRepository() users_credentials_repo = DBUsersCredentialsRepository()   users_ctrl = UsersController(users_repo) users_accounts_ctrl = UsersAccountsController(users_account_repo) users_transactions_ctrl = UsersTransactionsController(users_transactions_repo) currencies_ctrl = CurrenciesController(currencies_repo) users_deposits_ctrl = UsersDepositsController(users_deposits_repo) users_cards_ctrl = UsersCardsController(users_cards_repo) users_credentials_ctrl = UsersCredentialsController(users_credentials_repo)   app_ctrl = AppController(users_ctrl, users_accounts_ctrl, users_transactions_ctrl, c

[Larz60+]

if you want to use the abbreviation, it must be defined.
I think that if you change line 5 in 1st listing to:

1	from application.Controller.app_ctrl import AppController as app_ctrl

you should be OK.

Or change line 26, 40, 47 and 68 to AppController...
example line 26:

1	verify_user_id = AppController.get_user(user_id)

but not both.

[3lnyn0]

I tried this

1	from application.Controller.app_ctrl import AppController as app_ctrl

and it required me another parameter

Error:
TypeError: get_user() missing 1 required positional argument: 'user_id'

. 'get_user' is a function in AppController class and have 2 parameter: self and user_id

if you want to use the abbreviation, it must be defined.
I think that if you change line 5 in 1st listing to:

1	from application.Controller.app_ctrl import AppController as app_ctrl

you should be OK.

Or change line 26, 40, 47 and 68 to AppController...
example line 26:

1	verify_user_id = AppController.get_user(user_id)

but not both.

[Larz60+]

user_id must be declared prior to use. Error is stating that hasn't been done.

'self' is used in the class definition of objects and methods of a class, used to represent the instance of a class.
is is not used when calling a method of the class.

clarification example:

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class myclass:     def __init__(self):         self.counter = 0         # visible from class instances         someothervariable = 45   # local use only           def myFunction(self, name):         self.counter += 1         print(f"name: {name}, count: {self.counter}")     class mycode:     def __init__(self):         self.mc = myclass()           def newfunction(self):         self.mc.myFunction('James')     # calling method of class, do not pass self         self.mc.myFunction('Roger')      # calling method of class, do not pass self           print(f"I can also access counter directly: {self.mc.counter}")     def main():     code = mycode()     code.newfunction()     if __name__ == '__main__':     main()

Output:
name: James, count: 1
name: Roger, count: 2
I can also access counter directly: 2